A computer actually understands assembly language.

In order to solve a computational problem, its solution must be specified in terms of asequence of computational steps, each of which may be performed by a human or a digital computer. If you want to solve the computational problem with a computer, you shouldlearn how to program. The task of developing programs for the solution of computationalproblems is referred to as programming. Computer programming is the process of planningand creating a sequence of steps for a computer to follow. In general, this process will helpus resolve a problem, which is either too tedious or difficult to work out otherwise. Soprogramming is breaking a task down into small steps.

Programming is sometimes contrasted with coding. Coding generally refers to thewriting of programs for given program specification, while programming includes the task of preparing the program specification as well as that of writing the program. The text of aprogram is sometimes referred to as code, and lines of program text are referred to as lines ofcode, especially in the case of machine-language programs. The term coder is used todescribe a person engaged exclusively in implementing program specifications prepared byothers. What ' s actually involved in programming - the actual process of writing programs？ Here' s a quick overview of the process:

• Write a program.

• Compile the program.

• Run the program.

• Debug the program.

• Repeat the whole process until the program is finished.

(三)、choosethe best answer according to the passage B. (根据上文的内容选择正确的答案。)

41. If you want to solve the computational problem with a computer, you should learnhow to___________

A. calculate

B. program

C. add

D. subtract

42. Computer programming is the process of planning and creating a sequence of

___________ for a computer to follow.

A. steps

B. process

C. lines

D. graphics

43. The term coder is used to describe___________

A. machine

B. computer

C. keyboard

D. person

44. In order to solve a computational problem, you can let a person or a ___________ to do it.

A. machine

B. computer

C. keyboard

D. mouse

45. Which of the following is not the stages of programming？

A. Write a program.

B. Debug the program.

C. Print the program.

D. Compile the program.

Henry and his friend Sally are talking about online shopping.

Sally: Do you do a lot of your shopping online？

Henry: Not really. I like looking at what's available on the Internet before I actually buy it. Sometimes, I'll choose what I want in a shop, later buying it online if it's cheaper. You don't like buying things online, do you？

Sally: No. I'm a little worried about security issues. You never know who's trying to find out your codes and passwords. Aren't you worried about that？

Henry: Not really. I know that it happens, but if you buy from reputable companies with secure websites, it should be OK. Even though I use online shopping facilities, I don't think it's the best way.

Sally: I'm surprised to hear you say that. I thought you loved any digital things.

Henry: I do. I'm a big fan of using new digital products, but I don't want to sit in front of a computer screen all day. I think people need to get out and interact with other people.

Sally: So, how about coming to the department store with me？ I want to see if there are any new summer clothes on sale yet.

Henry: Sure. I'd love to join you. Can we stop by the computer store？ I just want to see if they have something.

Sally: Sure. While you're in the computer store, I will visit the book store opposite. I like to browse through their books if they have anything interesting.

Henry: OK. I've finished online. Let's go. I'll just get some money and my credit card.

Sally: Thanks for reminding me. I had forgotten to get mine.

1. Both of them like online shopping very much.（）

2. Being cheap is one of the reasons for online shopping.（）

3. Henry is a big fan of digital products, so he likes sitting in front of the computer all day.（）

4. Henry will go to the department store with Sally.（）

5. Both of them will visit the computer store.（）

Henry and his friend Sally are talking about online shopping.

Sally: Do you do a lot of your shopping online？

Henry: Not really. I like looking at what's available on the Internet before I actually buy it. Sometimes, I'll choose what I want in a shop, later buying it online if it's cheaper. You don't like buying things online, do you？

Sally: No. I'm a little worried about security issues. You never know who's trying to find out your codes and passwords. Aren't you worried about that？

Henry: Not really. I know that it happens, but if you buy from reputable companies with secure websites, it should be OK. Even though I use online shopping facilities, I don't think it's the best way.

Sally: I'm surprised to hear you say that. I thought you loved any digital things.

Henry: I do. I'm a big fan of using new digital products, but I don't want to sit in front of a computer screen all day. I think people need to get out and interact with other people.

Sally: So, how about coming to the department store with me？ I want to see if there are any new summer clothes on sale yet.

Henry: Sure. I'd love to join you. Can we stop by the computer store？ I just want to see if they have something.

Sally: Sure. While you're in the computer store, I will visit the book store opposite. I like to browse through their books if they have anything interesting.

Henry: OK. I've finished online. Let's go. I'll just get some money and my credit card.

Sally: Thanks for reminding me. I had forgotten to get mine.

1. Both of them like online shopping very much.

2. Being cheap is one of the reasons for online shopping.

3. Henry is a big fan of digital products, so he likes sitting in front of the computer all day.

4. Henry will go to the department store with Sally.

5. Both of them will visit the computer store.

(课外选材)

When computer servers operate a complex program, they can get very hot. Cooling the servers can be costly. So researchers asked what would happen if the heat created by the servers could be captured and used？

Data centers of large Internet companies such as Google and Microsoft have thousands of computer servers. As these servers process information, they create large amounts of heat, so they need huge cooling systems. These systems send the heat into the air. The Dutch company Nerdalize thinks paying for electricity to operate the servers and then paying again to cool them is a waste of energy. So it developed a device called the e-Radiator. It is a computer server that also works as a heating source. Boaz Leupe is the chief executive officer of Nerdalize. He says the e-Radiator saves money because companies don't have to pay to cool their servers.

"The kilowatt(千瓦)hour you are using is used twice -- once to heat the home and once to compute the client's task without the cooling overhead." He says five homeowners in the Netherlands are testing the heating device in their homes. "We reimburse the electricity the server uses, and that we can do because of the computer clients on the other side, and, in that way, homeowners actually get heating for free, and computer users don't have to pay for the overhead of the data center.

Jan Visser is one of the participants in the year-long experiment. He says the amount of heat produced by the e-Radiator depends on the work being done by the computer server. He says it cannot be used as the primary source of heat. But he is ready to try it.

He says if it provides enough warmth, he will be able to use his home's heating system less, which will save him money. Nerdalize says e-Radiators create heat temperatures of up to 55℃. It says the devices could save users up to $440 in heating costs a year.

1.Why did researchers ask what would happen if the heat created by the servers could be captured and used？{A; B; C}

A. Because computers can get very hot.

B. Computer servers is a complex program.

C. Cooling computer servers costs a lot of money.

2.The computer servers in large Internet companies such as Google and Microsoft can {A; B; C}.

A. create large amounts of information

B. create large quantity of heat

C. manage the huge cooling systems

3. Nerdalize developed the e-Radiator because {A; B; C}.

A. e-Radiator cost less energy

B. e-Radiator can cool the servers for free

C. e-Radiator can create cold air for free

4.According to Jan Visser, the amount of heat produced by the e-Radiator {A; B; C}.

A. depends on the work being processed by PC

B. cannot be used as the home's heating system

C. cannot be used as the main source of heat

5.The best title for this passage is {A; B; C}

A. The New Way to Heat Homes

B. The New Way to Cool Homes

C. Hot Computers Could Be Used for Free

How much is it？; C. I’ll come back to buy it this weekend.; D. Can I help you？; E. How about this one？}

Smith: I would like to buy a computer for my son. I was told it is cheaper to buy computers here. Do you have any recommendations？

Jane: Yes. We have plenty of choices for you. So, home computer or a laptop, which one does he like？ {A. Does he have any brand preference？; B. How much is it？; C. I’ll come back to buy it this weekend.; D. Can I help you？; E. How about this one？}

Smith: He prefers ASUS(华硕), laptop, which is much more convenient.

Jane: I see. {A. Does he have any brand preference？; B. How much is it？; C. I’ll come back to buy it this weekend.; D. Can I help you？; E. How about this one？} ASUS F83E335Cr-SL. It is really suitable for students.

Smith: Let me see. Well, it’s good but I don’t think 320 GB is enough.

Jane: If you wish to upgrade the hard drive, we can definitely do so. It costs 150 to upgrade it from 320GB to 500GB.

Smith: Great. My son likes keeping a lot of movies and pictures on the hard drive.

Jane: No problem. I’ll give you a more detailed brochure later.

Smith: Thank you. {A. Does he have any brand preference？; B. How much is it？; C. I’ll come back to buy it this weekend.; D. Can I help you？; E. How about this one？} May I have a discount？

Jane: In total it costs 3900 yuan. If you pay for it on Saturday or Sunday this week, you can actually get 5 percent off the usual sale price.

Smith: Wow. That’s really good. {A. Does he have any brand preference？; B. How much is it？; C. I’ll come back to buy it this weekend.; D. Can I help you？; E. How about this one？}

example, gives rise to organized opposition, information technology, which is actually no less invasive (侵害的) ,no more harmless, is welcomed or, at the least, accepted with comparatively little debate. Information technologies from computers and communications ---- have obviously had an overwhelming social impact and their benefits hardly need explanations, but they have also disturbed privacy and threatened civil liberties, computerized data banks empower bureaucratic authorities by providing easy access to personal information-about credit ratings, social performance, housing and medical histories. They will allow access to genetic figures, providing information about our tendencies to employers, insurers, product advertisers, banks and other institutions that exercise control over our lives. Computerization allows the severe extension of advertising through telemarketing requests that shamelessly intrude our home life. Information technologies have displaced people from jobs and turned potentially skilled workers into low-level computer technologies. Computers have facilitated the work of scholars, but also turned them into typists; yet one hears hardly a complaint. They have turned the simple act of buying a plane ticket into an endless manipulation (控制) , but we welcome the so-called convenience. They have encouraged new forms of crime and fraud(欺诈) , but we describe them with grudging admiration. They have allowed new types of evil weaponry. But we call them "smart bombs". Perhaps the most important, information technologies have extended the power of the mass media, creating unusual possibilities for political manipulation reducing accountability (有责任,有义务 ), and changing the nature of political life. It is true that there are critiques(批评) of information technologies from those professionally concerned about their problematic(有问题的) legal, social and political implications. There is a near total absence, however, of organized public concern about technologies with profound and problematic implications.

11.According to the author, information technology_____________.

A. Has nothing positive

B. Has not given rise to organized opposition

C. is less harmless than biotechnology

D. is accepted without any debate

12.By the term "computerization the author means that______________.

A. all of industrial work is controlled by computer

B. computer plays an important role in our economic life

C. computer becomes an essential part in our everyday life

D. all scientific work is done with the help of computer

13.What worries the author most is that ______________..

A. political manipulate through mass media will become normal in our political life

B. our privacy will be threaded by businessmen

C. there will be more crimes and frauds by high tech

D. new types of evil weaponry will be invented

14.Those who criticizes information technologies are _____________.

A. leaders of the organized opposition to information technologies

B. persons engaged in professional works

C. those who benefit most from information technologies

D. those who benefit least from information technologies

15.(多选)The benefits brought by information technology is ____________.

A. quite evident

B. hard to explain

C. being overcome by social opposition

D. to benefit few people

Questions are based on the following passage．

Most of us are used to seasons． Each year, spring follows winter, which follows autumn, which follows summer, which follows spring． And winter is colder than summer． But the earth goes through temperature cycles over much longer perio~ds than those that we experience． Between 65,000 and 35,000 years ago, the planet was much colder than it is now． During that time the temperature also changed a lot, with periods of warming and cooling． Ice melted duringthe warm periods, which made sea levels rise． Water froze again during the cold periods．

(77) A new study from Switzerland sheds light on where ice sheets melted during the ice age． It now seems that the ice melted at both ends of the earth, rather than just in either northemor southern regions．

age． It now seems that the ice melted at both ends of the earth, rather than just in either northern

or southern regions．

This surprised the researchers from the University of Bern． (78) Scientists have long assumed that most of the ice that melted was in the Northern hemisphere (半球) during the 30,000-year long ice age． That belief was held because the North Pole is surrounded by land, while the South Pole is surrounded by the Antarctic Ocean． It is easier for ice sheets to grow on land． If surrounded by sea the ice can easily just slip into the ocean instead of building up．

The researchers used a computer model to look at ways the ice could melt and how it might affect sea levels． They compared these results to evidence of how temperatures and currents actually changed during that time． The model showed that if it was only in the Northern hemisphere that ice melted, there would have been a bigger impact (影响）on ocean currents (洋流) and sea temperatures than what actually happened． Studies suggest that melting just in the Southern hemisphere would have been impossible, too． The only reasonable conclusion, the scientists could make, was that ice melted equally in the North and the South．

It is still a mystery as to what caused the temperature changes that caused the ice to melt．

The North Pole is surrounded by land， while the South Pole is surrounded by the Antarctic Ocean． So scientists thought that __________ 查看材料

A.most of the ice melted in the Northern hemisphere

B.most of the ice melted in the Southern hemisphere

C.The North Pole is colder than the South Pole

D.The South Pole is colder than the North Pole

alized expert, or person in the street—encounters a complex issue and forms an opinion, often within a matter of seconds, how thoroughly has he or she explored the implications of the various courses of action？ Answer: not very thoroughly. Very few people, no matter how intelligent or experienced, can take inventory of the many branching possibilities, possible outcomes, side effects, and undesired consequences of a policy or a course of action in a matter of seconds. Yet, those who pride themselves on being decisive often try to do just that. And once their brains lock onto an opinion, most of their thinking thereafter consists of finding support for it.

A very serious side effect of argumentative decision making can be a lack of support for the chosen course of action on the part of the "losing" faction. When one faction wins the meeting and the others see themselves as losing, the battle often doesn't end when the meeting ends. Anger, resentment, and jealousy may lead them to sabotage the decision later, or to reopen the debate at later meetings.

There is a better way. As philosopher Aldous Huxley said, "It isn't who is right, but what is right, that counts."

The structured-inquiry method offers a better alternative to argumentative decision making by debate. With the help of the Internet and wireless computer technology, the gap between experts and executives is now being dramatically closed. By actually putting the brakes on the thinking process, slowing it down, and organizing the flow of logic, it's possible to create a level of clarity that sheer argumentation can never march.

The structured-inquiry process introduces a level of conceptual clarity by organizing the contributions of the experts, then brings the experts and the decision makers closer together. Although it isn't possible or necessary for a president or prime minister to listen in on every intelligence analysis meeting, it's possible to organize the experts' information to give the decision maker much greater insight as to its meaning. This process may somewhat resemble a marketing focus group; it's a simple, remarkably clever way to bring decision makers closer to the source of the expert information and opinions on which they must base their decisions.

From the first paragraph we can learn that______.

A．executive, specialized expert, are no more clever than person in the street

B．very few people decide before they think

C．those who pride themselves on being decisive often fail to do so

D．people tend to consider carefully before making decisions

alized expert, or person in the street—encounters a complex issue and forms an opinion, often within a matter of seconds, how thoroughly has he or she explored the implications of the various courses of action？ Answer: not very thoroughly. Very few people, no matter how intelligent or experienced, can take inventory of the many branching possibilities, possible outcomes, side effects, and undesired consequences of a policy or a course of action in a matter of seconds. Yet, those who pride themselves on being decisive often try to do just that. And once their brains lock onto an opinion, most of their thinking thereafter consists of finding support for it.

A very serious side effect of argumentative decision making can be a lack of support for the chosen course of action on the part of the "losing" faction. When one faction wins the meeting and the others see themselves as losing, the battle often doesn't end when the meeting ends. Anger, resentment, and jealousy may lead them to sabotage the decision later, or to reopen the debate at later meetings.

There is a better way. As philosopher Aldous Huxley said, "It isn't who is right, but what is right, that counts. "

The structured-inquiry method offers a better alternative to argumentative decision making by debate. With the help of the Internet and wireless computer technology, the gap between experts and executives is now being dramatically closed. By actually putting the brakes on the thinking process, slowing it down, and organizing the flow of logic, it's possible to create a level of clarity that sheer argumentation can never match.

The structured-inquiry process introduces a level of conceptual clarity by organizing the contributions of the experts, then brings the experts and the decision makers closer together. Although it isn't possible or necessary for a president or prime minister to listen in on every intelligence analysis meeting, it's possible to organize the experts' information to give the decision maker much greater insight as to its meaning. This process may somewhat resemble a marketing focus group ; it's a simple, remarkably clever way to bring decision makers closer to the source of the expert information and opinions on which they must base their decisions.

From the first paragraph we can learn that______.

A．executive, specialized expert, are no more clever than person in the street

B．very few people decide before they think

C．those who pride themselves on being decisive often fail to do so

D．people tend to consider carefully before making decisions