misinterpretation/,mɪsɪn,tɝprɪ'teʃən/（）

80 Which of the following can result in misinterpretation of the statement of work？

A. Using imprecise language (i.e. nearly, approximately)

B. Mixing tasks, specifications, special instructions and approvals

C. No pattern, structure or chronological order

D. Wide variation in the size of tasks or details of work

E. All of the above

A.imprecision

B.vagueness

C.hyperbole

D.misinterpretation

E.pessimism

162 Which of the following can result in misinterpretation of the statement of work？

A. Using imprecise language (i.e. nearly, approximately)

B. Mixing tasks, specifications, special instructions and approvals

C. No pattern, structure or chronological order

D. Wide variation in the size of tasks or details of work

E. All of the above

Which of the following can result in misinterpretation of the statement of work？

A.Using imprecise language (i.e. nearly, approximately)

B.Mixing tasks, specifications, special instructions and approvals

C.No pattern, structure or chronological order

D.Wide variation in the size of tasks or details of work

E.All of the above

● Which of the following can result in misinterpretation of the statement of work？

A Using imprecise language (i.e. nearly, approximately)

B Mixing tasks, specifications, special instructions and approvals

C No pattern, structure or chronological order

D Wide variation in the size of tasks or details of work

E All of the above

根据下列材料，请回答 31～35 题：

In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.

Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform. a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.

Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.

Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.

In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim – a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”

第 31 题 According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its

[A] uncertainty and complexity.

[B] misconception and deceptiveness.

[C] logicality and objectivity.

[D] systematicness and regularity.

company. The seven engineers previously worked together for ‘Telstar’, a satellite navigation company.

In conjunction with one of the three largest construction companies within their country they constructed the ‘365

Sports Complex’ which has a roof that opens and uses revolutionary satellite technology to maintain grass surfaces

within the complex. The complex facilities, which are available for use on each day of the year, include two tennis

courts, a cricket pitch, an equestrian centre and six bowling greens. The tennis courts and cricket pitch are suitable

for use as venues for national competitions. The equestrian centre offers horse-riding lessons to the general public and

is also a suitable venue for show-jumping competitions. The equestrian centre and bowling greens have increased in

popularity as a consequence of regular television coverage of equestrian and bowling events.

In spite of the high standard of the grass surfaces within the sports complex, the directors are concerned by reduced

profit levels as a consequence of both falling revenues and increasing costs. The area in which the ‘365 Sports

Complex’ is located has high unemployment but is served by all public transport services.

The directors of Astrodome Sports Ltd have different views about the course of action that should be taken to provide

a strategy for the future improvement in the performance of the complex. Each director’s view is based on his/her

individual perception as to the interpretation of the information contained in the performance measurement system of

the complex. These are as follows:

Director

(a) ‘There is no point whatsoever in encouraging staff to focus on interaction with customers in efforts to create a

‘user friendly’ environment. What we need is to maintain the quality of our grass surfaces at all costs since that

is the distinguishing feature of our business.’

(b) ‘Buy more equipment which can be hired out to users of our facilities. This will improve our utilisation ratios

which will lead to increased profits.’

(c) ‘We should focus our attention on maximising the opening hours of our facilities. Everything else will take care

of itself.’

(d) ‘Recent analysis of customer feedback forms indicates that most of our customers are satisfied with the facilities.

In fact, the only complaints are from three customers – the LCA University which uses the cricket pitch for

matches, the National Youth Training Academy which held training sessions on the tennis courts, and a local

bowling team.’

(e) ‘We should reduce the buildings maintenance budget by 25% and spend the money on increased advertising of

our facilities which will surely attract more customers.’

(f) ‘We should hold back on our efforts to overcome the shortage of bowling equipment for hire. Recent rumours are

that the National Bowling Association is likely to offer large financial grants next year to sports complexes who

can show they have a demand for the sport but have deficiencies in availability of equipment.’

(g) ‘Why change our performance management system？ Our current areas of focus provide us with all the

information we need to ensure that we remain a profitable and effective business.’

As management accountant of Astrodome Sports Ltd you have recently read an article which discussed the following

performance measurement problems:

(i) Tunnel vision

(ii) Sub-optimisation

(iii) Misinterpretation

(iv) Myopia

(v) Measure fixation

(vi) Misrepresentation

(vii) Gaming

(viii) Ossification.

Required:

(a) Explain FOUR of the above-mentioned performance measurement problems (i-viii) and discuss which of the

views of the directors (a-g) illustrate its application in each case. (12 marks)

The basis for this view, however, lies in a serious misinterpretation of the past, a projection of modern concerns onto past events.

The idea of an autonomous discipline called “philosophy,” distinct from and sitting in judgment on such pursuits as theology and science turns out, on close examination, to be of quite recent origin.

When, in the seventeenth century, Descartes and Hobbes rejected medieval philosophy, they did not think of themselves, as modern philosophers do, as proposing a new and better philosophy, but rather as furthering “the warfare between science and theology.”

They were fighting, albeit discreetly, to open the intellectual world to the new science and to liberate intellectual life from ecclesiastical philosophy and envisioned their work as contributing to the growth, not of philosophy, but of research in mathematics and physics.

This link between philosophical interests and scientific practice persisted until the nineteenth century, when decline in ecclesiastical power over scholarship and changes in the nature of science provoked the final separation of philosophy from both.

The demarcation of philosophy from science was facilitated by the development in the early nineteenth century of a new notion, that philosophy‘s core interest should be epistemology, the general explanation of what it means to know something.

Modern philosophers now trace that notion back at least to Descartes and Spinoza, but it was not explicitly articulated until the late eighteenth century, by Kant, and did not become built into the structure of academic institutions and the standard self-descriptions of philosophy professors until the late nineteenth century.

Without the idea of epistemology, the survival of philosophy in an age of modern science is hard to imagine.

Metaphysics, philosophy‘s traditional core—considered as the most general description of how the heavens and the earth are put together—had been rendered almost completely meaningless by the spectacular progress of physics.

Kant, however, by focusing philosophy on the problem of knowledge, managed to replace metaphysics with epistemology, and thus to transform. the notion of philosophy as “queen of sciences” into the new notion of philosophy as a separate, foundational discipline: philosophy became “primary” no longer in the sense of “highest” but in the sense of “underlying”.

1.Which of the following best expresses the author‘s main point？

A.Philosophy‘s overriding interest in basic human questions is a legacy primarily of the work of Kant.

B.Philosophy was deeply involved in the seventeenth-century warfare between science and religion.

C.The set of problems of primary importance to philosophers has remained relatively constant since antiquity.

D.The status of philosophy as an independent intellectual pursuit is a relatively recent development.

E.The role of philosophy in guiding intellectual speculation has gradually been usurped by science.

2.The author of the passage implies which of the following in discussing the development of philosophy during the nineteenth century？

(A) Nineteenth-century philosophy took science as its model for understanding the bases of knowledge.

(B) The role of academic institutions in shaping metaphysical philosophy grew enormously during the nineteenth century.

(C) Nineteenth-century philosophers carried out a program of investigation explicitly laid out by Descartes and Spinoza.

(D) Kant had an overwhelming impact on the direction of nineteenth-century philosophy.

(E) Nineteenth-century philosophy made major advances in understanding the nature of knowledge.

3.The author suggests that Descartes‘ support for the new science of the seventeenth century can be characterized as

(A) pragmatic and hypocritical

(B) cautious and inconsistent

(C) daring and opportunistic

(D) intense but fleeting

(E) strong but prudent

4.With which of the following statements concerning the writing of history would the author of the passage be most likely to agree？

(A) History should not emphasize the role played by ideas over the role played by individuals.

(B) History should not be distorted by attributing present-day consciousness to historical figures.

(C) History should not be focused primarily on those past events most relevant to the present.

(D) History should be concerned with describing those aspects of the past that differ most from those of the present.

(E) History should be examined for the lessons it can provide in understanding current problems.

A.M=m

B.m⊆M

C.m∈M

D.m∉M